• ‘Modernity’ assumes that local ties and parochial perspectives give way to universal commitments and cosmopolitan attitudes;
• that the truths of utility, calculation, and science take precedence over those of the emotions, the sacred, and the non-rational;
• that the individual rather than the group be the primary unit of society and politics;
• that the associations in which men live and work be based on choice not birth;
• that mastery rather than fatalism orient their attitude toward the material and human environment;
• that identity be chosen and achieved, not ascribed and affirmed;
• that work be separated from family, residence, and community in bureaucratic organisation